相关文章 * [Kernel Mode Setting (简体中文)](/index.php/Kernel_Mode_Setting_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87) "Kernel Mode Setting (简体中文)") * [Xorg](/index.php/Xorg_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87) "Xorg (简体中文)") **翻译状态：** 本文是英文页面 [Wayland](/index.php/Wayland "Wayland") 的[翻译](/index.php/ArchWiki_Translation_Team_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87) "ArchWiki Translation Team (简体中文)")，最后翻译时间：2015-11-06，点击[这里](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php?title=Wayland&diff=0&oldid=408148)可以查看翻译后英文页面的改动。 **Wayland** 是 Linux 的一个新的图形接口协议。使用 Wayland 需要更改或重新安装一部分系统中的软件。更多关于 Wayland 的信息参见 [主页](http://wayland.freedesktop.org/)。 ## Contents * [1 系统需求](#.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F.E9.9C.80.E6.B1.82) * [2 安装](#.E5.AE.89.E8.A3.85) * [3 使用](#.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8) * [4 Weston](#Weston) * [4.1 安装](#.E5.AE.89.E8.A3.85_2) * [4.2 使用](#.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8_2) * [4.3 配置](#.E9.85.8D.E7.BD.AE) * [4.3.1 XWayland](#XWayland) * [4.3.2 视频录制](#.E8.A7.86.E9.A2.91.E5.BD.95.E5.88.B6) * [4.3.3 高DPI显示器](#.E9.AB.98DPI.E6.98.BE.E7.A4.BA.E5.99.A8) * [4.3.4 Shell font](#Shell_font) * [5 图形库](#.E5.9B.BE.E5.BD.A2.E5.BA.93) * [5.1 GTK+ 3](#GTK.2B_3) * [5.2 Qt5](#Qt5) * [5.3 Clutter](#Clutter) * [5.4 SDL](#SDL) * [5.5 GLFW](#GLFW) * [5.6 EFL](#EFL) * [6 窗口管理器和桌面 shell](#.E7.AA.97.E5.8F.A3.E7.AE.A1.E7.90.86.E5.99.A8.E5.92.8C.E6.A1.8C.E9.9D.A2_shell) * [7 疑难解答](#.E7.96.91.E9.9A.BE.E8.A7.A3.E7.AD.94) * [7.1 LLVM assertion failure](#LLVM_assertion_failure) * [7.2 Weston fails to launch after update to 1.7](#Weston_fails_to_launch_after_update_to_1.7) * [8 参阅](#.E5.8F.82.E9.98.85) ## 系统需求 目前 Wayland 只能在使用了 [KMS](/index.php/Kernel_mode_setting_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87) "Kernel mode setting (简体中文)") 的系统上工作。 ## 安装 **注意:** Wayland 应该已经作为[gtk2](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gtk2)和[gtk3](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gtk3)的依赖安装到系统里面 如果没有，可以从 [官方软件仓库](/index.php/Official_repositories "Official repositories") 安装软件包[wayland](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=wayland)。 ## 使用 Wayland 仅仅是一个库，无法单独工作。若要代替X server,需要有混合器(如weston) ## Weston ### 安装 [安装](/index.php/Help:Reading_(%E7%AE%80%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87)#.E5.AE.89.E8.A3.85.E8.BD.AF.E4.BB.B6.E5.8C.85 "Help:Reading (简体中文)") [weston](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=weston) 包 ### 使用 安装完了 Wayland 及它所依赖的包之后，就可以开始试用了。运行： ``` $ weston ``` 或者，要试着运行Weston本身，切换到终端并运行: ``` $ weston-launch ``` 接下来你就可以在 TTY 下打开 wayland 的终端： ``` $ weston-terminal ``` 在屏幕上移动一朵花儿，用以测试帧控制功能： ``` $ weston-flower ``` 在 Wayland 上运行 glxgears 程序： ``` $ weston-gears ``` 显示图片： ``` $ weston-image image1.jpg image2.jpg... ``` ### 配置 键盘布局，模块的选择，UI的修改的示例配置文件，请参阅[weston.ini(5)](https://jlk.fjfi.cvut.cz/arch/manpages/man/weston.ini.5) `~/.config/weston.ini` ``` [core] ### uncomment this line for xwayland support ### #modules=xwayland.so [shell] background-image=/usr/share/backgrounds/gnome/Aqua.jpg background-color=0xff002244 panel-color=0x90ff0000 locking=true animation=zoom #binding-modifier=ctrl #num-workspaces=6 ### for cursor themes install xcursor-themes pkg from Extra. ### #cursor-theme=whiteglass #cursor-size=24 ### tablet options ### #lockscreen-icon=/usr/share/icons/gnome/256x256/actions/lock.png #lockscreen=/usr/share/backgrounds/gnome/Garden.jpg #homescreen=/usr/share/backgrounds/gnome/Blinds.jpg #animation=fade [keyboard] keymap_rules=evdev #keymap_layout=gb #keymap_options=caps:ctrl_modifier,shift:both_capslock_cancel ### keymap_options from /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules/base.lst ### [terminal] #font=DroidSansMono #font-size=14 [launcher] icon=/usr/share/icons/gnome/24x24/apps/utilities-terminal.png path=/usr/bin/gnome-terminal [launcher] icon=/usr/share/icons/gnome/24x24/apps/utilities-terminal.png path=/usr/bin/weston-terminal [launcher] icon=/usr/share/icons/hicolor/24x24/apps/firefox.png path=/usr/bin/firefox [launcher] icon=/usr/share/icons/gnome/24x24/apps/arts.png path=./clients/flower [screensaver] # Uncomment path to disable screensaver path=/usr/libexec/weston-screensaver duration=600 [input-method] path=/usr/libexec/weston-keyboard ### for Laptop displays ### #[output] #name=LVDS1 #mode=1680x1050 #transform=90 #[output] #name=VGA1 # The following sets the mode with a modeline, you can get modelines for your preffered resolutions using the cvt utility #mode=173.00 1920 2048 2248 2576 1080 1083 1088 1120 -hsync +vsync #transform=flipped #[output] #name=X1 #mode=1024x768 #transform=flipped-270 ``` 简单的 `weston.ini` : `~/.config/weston.ini` ``` [core] modules=xwayland.so [keyboard] keymap_layout=gb [launcher] icon=/usr/share/icons/gnome/24x24/apps/utilities-terminal.png path=/usr/bin/weston-terminal [launcher] icon=/usr/share/icons/hicolor/24x24/apps/firefox.png path=/usr/bin/firefox [output] name=LVDS1 mode=1680x1050 transform=90 ``` #### XWayland [安装](/index.php/%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85 "安装")软件包[xorg-server-xwayland](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=xorg-server-xwayland). 要通过 Weston 运行 X 程序，需要启动 Xwayland 进行请求处理。需要如下配置文件： `~/.config/weston.ini` ``` [core] modules=xwayland.so ``` #### 视频录制 Weston has build-in screencast recording which can be started and stopped by pressing the `Super+r` key combination. Screencasts are saved to the file `capture.wcap` in the current working directory of Weston. The WCAP format is a lossless video format specific to Weston, which only records the difference in frames. To be able to play the recorded screencast, the WCAP file will need to be converted to a format which a media player can understand. To convert the file to webm, execute: ``` $ wcap-decode capture.wcap --yuv4mpeg2 | vpxenc --target-bitrate=1024 --best -t 4 -o foo.webm - ``` To convert the file to ogv, execute: ``` $ wcap-decode capture.wcap --yuv4mpeg2 | theora_encode - -o cap.ogv ``` #### 高DPI显示器 For [Retina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina_Display "wikipedia:Retina Display") or [HiDPI](/index.php/HiDPI "HiDPI") displays, use: `~/.config/weston.ini` ``` [output] name=... scale=2 ``` #### Shell font Weston uses the default sans-serif font for window title bars, clocks, etc. See [Font configuration#Replace or set default fonts](/index.php/Font_configuration#Replace_or_set_default_fonts "Font configuration") for instructions on how to change this font. ## 图形库 在[官方资料](http://wayland.freedesktop.org/toolkits.html)上查看详细信息 ### GTK+ 3 [extra]软件仓库中的[gtk3](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=gtk3) 已经提供了 Wayland 支持. GTK+ 3.0 开始，GTK+ 可以在运行时同时支持多个后端，和 Qt 一样进行切换。 Wayland 和 X 后端都启用时，GTK+ 默认会使用 X11。可以通过把`GDK_BACKEND`环境变量设为`wayland`来改变这一规则。 ### Qt5 [qt5](https://www.archlinux.org/groups/x86_64/qt5/) 软件包已经提供了 Wayland 支持。 要使用 wayland 插件运行程序，需要设置 [环境变量](/index.php/Environment_variable "Environment variable"). `QT_QPA_PLATFORM=wayland-egl` ### Clutter Clutter 工具包有 Wayland 后端支持，可以作为 Wayland 程式运行。这一后端支持已经存在软件仓库的版本中。要配置 `CLUTTER_BACKEND=wayland`. ### SDL Experimental wayland support is now in SDL 2.0.2 and enabled by default on Arch Linux.To run a SDL application on Wayland, set `SDL_VIDEODRIVER=wayland`. ### GLFW Experimental wayland support is now in GLFW 3.1 and can be enabled with the `-DGLFW_USE_WAYLAND=ON` CMake option at compile time. You can also install the package [glfw-wayland-git](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/glfw-wayland-git/) from the AUR. ### EFL EFL 已经完全支持 Wayland。请参考[这里](http://trac.enlightenment.org/e/wiki/Wayland)获取更多细节。 ## 窗口管理器和桌面 shell | Name | Type | Description | | GNOME | Compositing | 参见 [GNOME#Starting GNOME](/index.php/GNOME#Starting_GNOME "GNOME"). | | Hawaii | *(Unclear)* | 参见 [Hawaii](/index.php/Hawaii "Hawaii"). | | sway | Tiling | [Sway](https://github.com/SirCmpwn/sway) is an i3-compatible window manager for Wayland. | | KDE | Compositing | [KDE](/index.php/KDE "KDE") 4.11 added support for [KWin under Wayland system compositor](http://blog.martin-graesslin.com/blog/2013/06/starting-a-full-kde-plasma-session-in-wayland/). With [KDE Plasma 5.4](https://community.kde.org/KWin/Wayland#Start_a_Plasma_session_on_Wayland), the first technology preview of a Wayland session is released but it is currently targeted for the mobile platform and does not yet allow to use it as a full replacement for Xorg based desktop. | | Orbment | Tiling | [orbment](https://github.com/Cloudef/orbment) (previously loliwm) is a tiling WM for Wayland. | | Velox | Tiling | [velox](https://github.com/michaelforney/velox) is a simple window manager based on swc. It is inspired by [dwm](/index.php/Dwm "Dwm") and [xmonad](/index.php/Xmonad "Xmonad"). | | Orbital | Compositing | [Orbital](https://github.com/giucam/orbital) is a Wayland compositor and shell, using Qt5 and Weston. The goal of the project is to build a simple yet flexible and good looking Wayland desktop. It is not a full fledged DE but rather the analogue of a WM in the X11 world, such as [Awesome](/index.php/Awesome "Awesome") or [Fluxbox](/index.php/Fluxbox "Fluxbox"). | | Papyros Shell | *(Unclear)* | [Papyros Shell](https://github.com/papyros/papyros-shell) is the desktop shell for [Papyros](http://papyros.io), built using QtQuick and QtCompositor as a compositor for Wayland. | | Maynard | *(Unclear)* | [Maynard](https://github.com/raspberrypi/maynard) is a desktop shell client for Weston based on GTK. It was based on weston-gtk-shell, a project by Tiago Vignatti. | | Motorcar | *(Unclear)* | [Motorcar](https://github.com/evil0sheep/motorcar) is a wayland compositor to explore 3D windowing. | Some of installed wayland desktop clients might store information in `/usr/share/wayland-sessions/*.desktop` files about how to start them in wayland. ## 疑难解答 ### LLVM assertion failure If you get an LLVM assertion failure, you need to rebuild [mesa](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/?name=mesa) without Gallium LLVM until this problem is fixed. This may imply disabling some drivers which require LLVM. You may also try exporting the following, if having problems with hardware drivers: ``` $ export EGL_DRIVER=/usr/lib/egl/egl_gallium.so ``` ### Weston fails to launch after update to 1.7 This is possibly caused by the `desktop-shell.so` module being loaded by your weston.ini. This used to be required, but is not anymore. Remove it from the `[core]` section: `~/.config/weston.ini` ``` [core] modules=xwayland.so,desktop-shell.so ``` 生成： `~/.config/weston.ini` ``` [core] modules=xwayland.so ``` ## 参阅 * [Cursor themes](/index.php/Cursor_themes "Cursor themes") * [forum discussion](https://bbs.archlinux.org/viewtopic.php?id=107499) 页面将持续关注 Wayland 信息 ，如有兴趣请留意。